Biology- Mr. Willets
Animal Kingdom- Part 2
MOVEMENT - Much of the movement of animals is directed at finding food. Animals also move to find more favorable conditions and to escape danger.
A) cilia- some simple animals rely on cilia for movement. This is a slow method of moving.
B) muscles - these specialized cells contract (get shorter) to create movement. These work best when connected to something hard like a skeleton.
C) sessile- animal does not move
sedentary - animal moves slowly
motile- animal moves well
planktonic- animal drifts in the water
FEEDING- How an animals gets food largely depends on its ability to move.
A) filter feeding- the animal takes in water and removes food from it - no movement needed.
B) grazing- animal eats plants- usually sedentary animals (slow movers) do this
C) scavenger - eats whatever is lying around - no need to be fast
D) predator- catches its food- good movement is needed
E) parasite- lives in or on another organism and uses it for food. This is a very specialized way of life.
SUPPORT / PROTECTION -
A) hydrostatic skeleton- water pressure in the body cavity helps support the animal
B) exoskeleton / shell - hard material on the outside (exo) of the body- protects well but is very heavy and therefore limits size and movement of the animal. This is less of a problem in water where buoyancy helps support the weight of the animal.
C) endoskeleton - skeleton is on the inside (endo). Vertebrates have this. Protects and supports without being too heavy. Protection is less compared to exoskeleton. Animals can be large and fast.
REPRODUCTION -
A) asexual- some simple animals use budding and a few can actually split into two organisms
B) sexual-most animals use sexual reproduction in some form.
1) some are hermaphrodites / most are separate sexed
2) those that live in water mostly use external fertilization / on land, internal fertilization is more common.
3) occasionally a hermaphrodite can self-fertilize but mostly cross fertilization is used.
C) development- animals follow the basic blastula / gastrula stages
1) indirect development- there is an intermediate larval stage which eventually changes to the adult form (metamorphosis).
2) direct development - the animal is born or hatched in the basic adult form.
3) internal development- embryo develops inside mother.
4) external development - embryo develops outside the mother usually in the water or in an egg.
NERVOUS SYSTEM-This system is used to sense the environment and control body activities especially moving
A) nerve net- interconnected nerve cells- no brain.
B) cephalization- brain and sense organs at anterior end.
C) ladder type nervous system- 2 long nerves, several cross nerves (shape resembles a ladder).
D) dorsal brain / ventral main nerve. These 2 parts are connected by nerves going around the gut.
E) dorsal brain / dorsal main nerve. Brain and nerve connect directly.
F) sense organs- many different kinds- often the most important
are the eyes
eyespots - detect light / simple eye- sees one image / compound eye -
sees many images
EXCRETION- removal of wastes
A) simple diffusion- this can remove wastes from simple animals.
B) specialized organs-often called kidneys - these mix the wastes with water for removal. This means loss of water which can be a problem on land.
Biology - Mr. Willets
Questions- Animals-2
1) Most movement of animals is for what purpose? ___________________________ Why else might animals move? __________________________________________________
2) Muscle cells _______________________ which means they get _______________ Muscles work best if there is a _______________________
3) The type of movement an animal has can be described by 4 words:
a) an animal that is attached and therefore does not move-___________________
b) an animal that moves slowly - _________________________
c) an animal that moves well - _____________________
d) an animal that drifts in the water - _______________________
4) How an animal feeds can be described by 5 phrases:
a) the animal takes in water and removes the food- ______________________
b) the animal feeds on plants - _______________________
c) the animal eats whatever is lying around -_______________________
d) the animal catches its food - __________________________
e) the animal lives on or in its food - __________________________
5) For each question below, use one answer from question #4 and one from #3 to fill in the blanks.
a) an animal that gets food by _______________________ is usually ____________________
b) an animal that is a ______________________ is usually ____________________
6) A skeleton on the outside of the body is called an _______________________________ This type of skeleton gives a great deal of ________________________ but is very ______________. This means the animal cannot _____________ very well and probably cannot be very _______________
7) What type of skeleton do you have? ___________________________ Are all parts of your body protected by your skeleton? _______ What important parts are protected by your skeleton?
___________________________________________________________________
With this type of skeleton, animals can be _______________ and ________________ than those with the exoskeleton.
8) In what two places might external development occur? ___________________ and ______________
9) When a butterfly first comes into the world, what is it? ________________ What do we call this form? ____________________. The change from larva to the adult form is called _____________________ This type of development is called _______________ development.
10) Animals on land usually use ______________________ fertilization because there is no __________ for the ____________ to ____________ to the ____________
11) A ________________________ type nervous system has 2 ________________nerves and several ____________nerves. Why was it given its name? _________________________________
12) If the brain is dorsal and the main nerve is ventral, they must connect by nerves that go around the ___________ Your brain is _____________ and your main nerve is _____________ so that they connect directly.
13) An eyespot simply ____________________________ A simple eye sees one ______________
A compound eye sees _______________________________
14) To easily remove wastes, they are often mixed with water. What problem might this pose for some animals? ___________________________________________________________________